Tuesday, December 23, 2008

Wednesday, November 26, 2008

Sunday, November 16, 2008

Mars










The High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on board ESA's Mars Express has returned images of Echus Chasma, one of the largest water source regions on the Red Planet. Echus Chasma is the source region of Kasei Valles which extends 3000 km to the north. The data was acquired on 25 September 2005. The pictures are centred at about 1° north and 278° east and have a ground resolution of approximately 17 m/pixel.

An impressive cliff, up to 4000 m high, is located in the eastern part of Echus Chasma. Gigantic water falls may once have plunged over these cliffs on to the valley floor. The remarkably smooth valley floor was later flooded by basaltic lava.

Credits: ESA/ DLR/ FU Berlin (G. Neukum)

Sunday, November 9, 2008

Aztek tancosok/Aztec dancers










Dancers in Mexico City, 1994/Tancosok Mexicoban, 1994

Sunday, October 26, 2008

Mansi language/nyelv

# Mansi Hungarian
1 аква (akʷa) egy
2 китыг (kitiɣ) kettő
3 хурум (χūrəm) három
4 нила (ńila) négy
5 ат (at) öt
6 хот (χōt)) hat
7 сат (sāt) hét
8 нёллов (ńololow) nyolc
9 онтэллов (ontolow) kilenc
10 лов (low) tíz
20 хус (χus) húsz
100 сат (sāt/janiɣsāt) száz
1000 сотэр (sōtər) ezer
Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2; compare with Hungarian két).

Here are some invented sentences in Mansi (Latin transcription) and Hungarian.[2] They demonstrate well the relationship between Hungarian and Mansi.
Mansi Hungarian English
Hurem né vituel huligel husz hul pugi. Három nő a vízből hálóval húsz halat fog. Three women are catching twenty fish with a net from the water.
Huremszáthusz hulachszäm ampem viten äli. Háromszázhúsz hollószemű ebem vízen él. The three hundred and twenty dogs of mine with raven eyes live on water.
Pegte lau lasinen manl tou szilna. Fekete ló lassan megy a tó szélén. A black horse is slowly walking on the shore of the lake.

Another interesting example of the relation between Hungarian and Mansi is the name of the language. According to the most accepted linguistic studies, Finno-Ugric words in Hungarian became shorter through time, and they got a harder-sounding ending, while Khanty and Mansi better conserved the original Finno-Ugric forms. Thus, we may assume, that the word "Mansi" first became "Mans", then (with a harder ending) "Magy". So the Mansi people call themselves in fact "Magyars"

Compare to interesting article, which hints these groups are "Europeans": Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers

Ville N Pimenoff

1,2

, David Comas

2

, Jukka U Palo

1

, Galina Vershubsky

3

, Andrew Kozlov

3

and

Antti Sajantila*

,1

1

Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;

2

Departament de Cie`ncies de la Salut i de la Vida, Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain;

3

Institute of Developmental Physiology, Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia Received 18 September 2007; revised 3 April 2008; accepted 17 April

2008; published online 28 May 2008

*Correspondence: Dr A Sajantila, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, Kytosuontie 11, Helsinki 14, Finland.

Tel; þ 358 9 19127472; Fax; þ 358 9 19127518;

E-mail: antti.sajantila@helsinki.fi

European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264

& 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1018-4813/08 $32.00 www.nature.com/ejhg

Northwest Siberia is geographically remote territory, which has been settled by indigenous human populations probably since the Upper Paleolithic. To investigate the genetic landscape of Northwest Siberians, we have analyzed mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA polymorphisms of 169 unrelated individuals from Khanty and Mansi ethnic groups in Northwest Siberia. In addition, HVS-I sequences and Y chromosome SNP data, obtained from the literature, were used to elucidate the genetic relationships among the North Eurasian populations. The results show clinal distributions of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups along East–West axis of Northern Eurasia. In this context, the Ugric-speaking Khanty and Mansi appear as unique intermediate populations carrying Upper Paleolithic and more recent haplotypes typical for both West and East Eurasian gene pools. This admixture indicates that the Khanty and Mansi populations have resided in the contact zone of genetically distinguishable eastern and western Eurasia.

European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101; published online 28 May 2008

Keywords: Northwest Siberia; mtDNA; Y chromosome; admixture

Introduction

Anatomically modern humans populated the Siberian plain presumably during the Upper Paleolithic, 1,2 but the geographical origin of this population settlement is more controversial. 3,4 After the initial colonization, recurrent migrations from various directions have shaped the genetic composition of indigenous populations living in Siberia. 5 For the current Siberian mtDNA and Y chromosome variation, both Central Asian 6 –9 and East Asian origin has been proposed. 9 –11 In addition, South Siberia may have had an important role in the peopling of the more northern regions of Siberia. 12 – 15 One of the geographically remote and genetically less studied areas is Northwest Siberia, a region located north of the Central Asian Steppes, east from the Ural mountain range and surrounded by the Ob and Yenisei river valleys. In this study, we focus on the Northwest Siberian Ugricspeaking Khanty and Mansi populations. The Khanty and Mansi are known to have crossed the Urals, the northern geographical boundary between West and East Eurasia. They migrated from Pechora and Vychegda river regions west of Urals to the Ob river valley during the first millennium AD as one ancestral Ob-Ugric population, which split into the ethnic groups of Khanty and Mansi soon after this resettlement. 5

The specific aim of the present study is to analyze mtDNA and Y chromosome variation in Khanty and Mansi populations, and situate them on the North Eurasian genetic landscape. Here North Eurasia is taken to include regions north of the 511 of northern latitude and from Northeast Europe to Northeast Siberia (Figure 1). Furthermore, we try to disentangle ancient migration processes from recent genetic amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools in the Northwest of Siberia. Materials and methods Khanty and Mansi samples Blood samples with informed consents were collected from unrelated Khanty and Mansi individuals along the lower Ob-river valley. DNA was extracted following a standard phenol–chloroform protocol. Mitochondrial HVS-I and II regions were amplified using primer pairs L15997-H16391 and L048-H408, respectively. 16 Positions 16024–16383 and 72–340 were compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence 17 and variable sites were considered (data in Supplementary Table 1). Each mtDNA sequence was assigned to a haplogroup within the mtDNA phylogeny. 12,18 – 22 When coding region information was necessary to confirm haplogroup classification seven mtDNA positions (7028, 10400, 10873, 11151, 11719, 12308 and 12705) 23 were analyzed (a subset of 41 samples; Table 1). A set of 17 Y chromosome binary polymorphisms (SNPs) were hierarchically analyzed following the phylogeny and nomenclature of the Y chromosome 24 in 28 Khanty and 25 Mansi samples. These 53 male samples were genotyped with markers M89, M172, M69, M201, M170, M9, 12f2, M145, M45, M173, SRY10831, M17, P25, M46 7 , M178 8 , P43 7 and P36 7 as described in Bosch et al 23 (additional primers in Supplementary Table 2) and their haplogroup was determined (Table 1). In addition, 11 Y chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS389 I and II) were genotyped using the PowerplexY-kit (Promega, USA). In this data set, the actual repeat number at locus DYS389II was determined by substracting the length of DYS389I from DYS389II (STR haplotypes are available in Supplementary Table 2). Reference data A total of 3522 mitochondrial HVS-I sequences with relevant coding SNP/RFLP information from 29 different Eurasian populations were retrieved from the literature (Supplementary Table 3). Haplogroup classification was obtained from the original sources and refined according to the criteria used for the Khanty and Mansi samples. Thus, the S sequences 15 were reclassified as M8a 19 and the Saami HVS-I sequences 25 were reclassified according to Bandelt et al. 26 For the analysis, some sequences were clustered into major haplogroups: N1a and b into N1; W and N2a into N2; H and HV1 into HV as well as V into haplogroup HV0. Furthermore, sequences classified neither as M7, M8, M9, M10 and M13, nor as the major N or R haplogroups were considered to represent haplogroup M*. Two sequences were excluded: an L2 sequence in the Norwegian sample 27 and one sequence with unclear haplogroup definition in the Karelian sample. 25 The approximate locations of all the 42 mtDNA population samples used in this study are shown in Figure 1a. Y chromosome SNP reference data for 2175 individuals from 27 different Eurasian populations were retrieved from the literature (Supplementary Table 4). All the analyzed individuals, typed with differing marker sets, were reclassified into 27 possible Y chromosome haplo/paragroups to allow population comparisons. The four Finnish individuals 28 with no clear haplogroup classification were omitted and the Saami data 8 was refined based on Tambets et al. 29 The approximate locations of all the 33 Y chromosome population samples used in this study are shown in Figure 1b. In addition, nine-locus Y-STR minimal haplotype data of 1734 individuals from 10 different Eurasian populations were included in the STR comparisons (Supplementary Table 4). Population samples were geographically grouped to Northeast Europe, Northwest Siberia, Northeast Siberia, Central Siberia, South Siberia, Southeast Siberia, Central Asia and East Asia based on Karafet et al 7 (Figure 1a and b). Linguistic grouping of samples was performed according to Greenberg: 30 Indo-European, Finnic, Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tunguso, Chukotko-Kamchatka, EskimoAleut, Sino-Tibetan and language isolates of Yeniseian, Nivkhi and Yukagir (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). Data analysis Population diversity indices for mtDNA and Y chromosomal data were estimated using Arlequin 3.01. 31 In addition, the weighted intralineage mean pairwise difference (WIMP) was calculated. 23,32 The exact test for population differentiation and the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) were also performed. 33 To define and test the geographic structure without a priori grouping, spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) 34 and autocorrelation indices for DNA analysis (AIDA) 35 were performed. To visualize population relationships, correspondence analyses (CA) were performed for both mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies using Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc, US). Population pairwise FST (mtDNA) and RST (Y-STRs) distances were estimated and visualized by multidimensional scaling (MDS), computed with Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft Inc, US). The correlation between distance matrices of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups was estimated using the Mantel test. 31 Haplogroup-specific median joining networks 36 for mitochondrial and Y chromosome data were constructed Genetic admixture in Northwest Siberia VN Pimenoff et al 1255 European Journal of Human Geneticsusing program NETWORK 4.1 (www.fluxus-technology. com). Characters were weighted according to their variance within the haplogroup. For mitochondrial HVS-I positions, the weights given in Bandelt et al 37 were used, with 99 assumed as weight for positions with no transitional information. For the Y-STR loci, the weights were calculated as 10 (Vm/Vi ), where Vm is the mean variance of all STR loci and Vi is the variance of STR locus in Figure 1 Map of the (a) 42 mtDNA and (b) 33 Y chromosome population samples analyzed with their approximate sampling locations. Circles are proportional to sample sizes and frequencies of geographically associated West Eurasian (mtDNA: HV, N1, N2, JT, UK, I, X; Y chromosome: F( G, H, I, J, K), G, H, I, J, R1), East Eurasian (mtDNA: A, B, D, G, M7, M8-CZ, M9-E, M10, N9-Y, F; Y chromosome: C, K( L, N, O, Q, R), L, N, Q, R( R1) and South Asian (mtDNA: M*, R*; Y chromosome: O) haplogroup clusters are shown. Some subhaplogroups with distinct distribution in northern Eurasia are shown with individual colors (mtDNA U4, U7; Y chromosome N2, N3). Population abbreviations for mtDNA and Y chromosome and references therein can be found in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

To estimate the age of expansion within the mtDNA haplogroups, the r-statistic implemented in Network 4.1 was used. 38,39 Results Khanty and Mansi mtDNA and Y chromosome lineages In the Khanty and Mansi population samples 39 and 27 haplotypes were observed which could be clustered into 19 and 13 mtDNA haplogroups, respectively (Table 1). These haplogroups represent both West and East Eurasian associated mtDNA lineages (Figure 1a). Out of the 50 mtDNA haplotypes observed among the Khanty and Mansi, 16 haplotypes were observed in both populations (Supplementary Table 1). On the basis of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the Khanty and Mansi samples are not significantly different from each other, but they differ significantly (Po0.05) from the Mansi described by Derbeneva et al. 40 However, based on mtDNA haplotype frequencies, the Khanty and two Mansi population samples in this study are significantly different from each other. Y chromosome binary polymorphisms divided the Khanty into four and the Mansi into six paternal haplogroups (Table 1). Haplogroups R1a1, N2 and N3a were present in both populations, and comprised 96.4 and 84.0% of the Khanty and Mansi Y chromosomes, respectively. These Y chromosome haplogroups are typically found in West (R1a1) 41 or across northern Eurasia (N2, N3a). 11 On the basis of the Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies, the Khanty and Mansi are significantly different (Po0.05) from each other and also from the Khanty described by Karafet et al. 7 The Khanty and Mansi Y-STR minimal haplotypes were compared to the YHRD database of 37 133 European (ie West Eurasia) and Asian (ie East Eurasia) haplotypes. This showed that 53.6% of the Khanty and 32.0% of the Mansi individuals carried haplotypes commonly found in West Eurasia, whereas 21.4% of the Khanty and 44.0% of the Mansi represent East Eurasian haplotype matches. When the binary SNPs were combined with the 11 Y-STR loci, the Khanty showed 14 and Mansi 13 distinct haplotypes with one common East Eurasian N2 11 haplotype (found in 17.9% of Khanty and 36.0% of Mansi) shared between these samples (Supplementary Table 2). However, the Khanty and Mansi are significantly different (Po0.05) from each other based on haplotype frequencies (Supplementary Table 2). North Eurasian mtDNA and Y chromosome landscape To provide a wider view of the North Eurasian genetic landscape, an mtDNA and Y chromosome dataset of 42 and 33 Eurasian population samples was compiled, respectively, (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). Uniparental lineages were geographically classified into West Eurasian, Table 1 MtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies and diversity indices of the KHA and MAN populations mtDNA KHA a MAN a Y chr KHA a MAN a A 0.009 (0.018) 0 G 0.036 (0.07) 0 C* 0.075 (0.051) 0.175 (0.094) I 0 0.080 (0.109) C5 0.028 (0.032) 0.032 (0.044) J 0 0.040 (0.078) D* 0.160 (0.07) 0.190 (0.098) N2 0.250 (0.163) 0.600 (0.196) F1 0.009 (0.018) 0 N3a 0.643 (0.181) 0.160 (0.147) G2 0.019 (0.026) 0.016 (0.031) R1b 0 0.040 (0.078) H 0.142 (0.067) 0.143 (0.087) R1a1 0.071 (0.097) 0.080 (0.109) J1b 0.075 (0.051) 0.063 (0.061) J1c 0.038 (0.036) 0.079 (0.067) J2 0.038 (0.036) 0 K 0.009 (0.018) 0 N1a* 0.009 (0.018) 0 T* 0.009 (0.018) 0 T1 0.038 (0.036) 0.032 (0.044) U1 0.009 (0.018) 0 U2 0.009 (0.018) 0.048 (0.053) U4 0.085 (0.053) 0.143 (0.087) U5a 0.094 (0.056) 0.016 (0.031) U7 0.142 (0.067) 0.032 (0.044) N2a 0 0.032 (0.044) N 106 63 28 25 h 34 24 14 13 Hhaplotype (SD) 0.946 (0.010) 0.947 (0.013) 0.889 (0.042) 0.867 (0.061) Hhaplogroup (SD) 0.909 (0.010) 0.889 (0.017) 0.537 (0.086) 0.623 (0.100) MPD (SD) 5.672 (2.741) 5.326 (2.605) 4.492 (2.280) 5.127 (2.571) WIMP 0.953 0.896 2.596 2.583 chr, chromosome; h, haplotypes; H, genetic diversity; KHA, Khanty; MAN, Mansi; MPD, mean number of pairwise differences; N, number of individuals; WIMP, weighted intralineage mean pairwise difference. a±(95% CI).

East Eurasian and South Asian-associated haplogroups (Figure 1 legend). 9,11,41 – 43 In this large dataset, both the mtDNA and Y chromosome data revealed similar patterns (Figure 1a and b). East Eurasian haplogroups are widespread across the whole Siberia, but show a clear decrease in frequency toward West Eurasia. In contrast, West Eurasian lineages show an opposite frequency trend, decreasing toward the East. AIDA showed significant clinal distribution of all mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups up to the distance of 4200 km (Figure 2). However, the Y chromosome haplogroup distribution showed a significant increase of autocorrelation at the distance of 4900 km, probably due to the high prevalence of N3 haplogroup across the whole northern Eurasia (Figure 1b). A Mantel test between the population pairwise distances of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroups among 15 Eurasian populations (see Supplementary Tables 3 and 4) showed nonsignificant correlation . Genetic relationships among the North Eurasian populations The MDS plot based on mtDNA haplotype FST distances (Figure 3a) places Khanty and Mansi samples in an intermediate position between Northeast Europe and South Siberia/Central Asia. The Y chromosome MDS plot (Figure 3b) appears less structured; here the Khanty and Mansi are only grouped in first dimension with the Finns. All the rest of the populations are loosely associated, with the exception of the distinct Buryat sample. CA of the mtDNA haplogroups shows a clinal west–east pattern of populations (Figure 4a), where the Khanty and Mansi are again located in an intermediate position between clusters of Northeast Europe and Central Asia/South Siberia. Compared to the mtDNA, the Y chromosome CA shows a more scattered pattern (Figure 4b), where the Northwest Siberians form their own cluster, with the exception of the distinct Ket and Selkup samples. The results of the SAMOVA analysis (not shown) are congruent with the MDS and CA plots (Figures 3a, b and 4a, b). The Khanty and Mansi group with the main cluster including populations from Northeast Europe, Central Asia and Central/ South Siberia, but form their own cluster when the number of specified groups is increased. The results of the AMOVA analyses showed a higher heterogeneity for the Y chromosome compared to the mtDNA (Table 2). When the populations are grouped according to geography or linguistics, the mtDNA and Y chromosome have similar distribution. However, the genetic structure of Y chromosomal haplogroups and haplotypes is better defined by geographical grouping (FCT; 10.61/14.61%) than by linguistic grouping (FCT; 7.35/13.80%), respectively. mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in Northwest Siberia Out of all 383 Northwest Siberian mtDNA sequences in the present dataset (Supplementary Table 3), the most frequent West Eurasian haplogroups are U (27.2%), H (11.8%) and J (9.7%). Moreover, the frequency of the U4 mtDNA haplogroup among the Northwest Siberians is high, ranging from 8.5% among the Khanty to 28.9% among the Ket. The Northwest Siberian populations showed a high U4 haplotype diversity (0.833±0.024) compared to South Siberian (0.471±0.063) or Central Asian populations (0.400±0.237; Figure 5a). A similar pattern is detected within the U5a haplogroup with the highest diversity in Northeast Europe (0.930±0.015), followed by Northwest Siberia (0.713±0.083) and South Siberia (0.524±0.209). By contrast, the Northeast European U5b subhaplogroup, including the U5b1b1 ‘Saami motif’, 25,29 was not observed among Northwest Siberians except the Samoyedic-speaking Nganasan (1.9%). The U7 subhaplogroup was found only among the Northwest Siberian Khanty (14.2%) and Mansi (3.2–5.1%), Central Asian Uighur (4.2%) and Northeast European Finns (0.5%). The most frequent East Eurasian haplogroups in Northwest Siberia are C (19.1%) and D (15.7%), with C* and D* (up to 17.5 and 19.0% among the Mansi, respectively) the most frequent subhaplogroups. The C* subhaplogroup shows highest diversity in Central Asia (0.956±0.031) followed by South Siberia (0.893±0.011) and Northwest Siberia (0.869±0.021), similarly as haplogroup D* (data not shown). Regarding the 587 Northwest Siberian Y chromosomes in the present dataset (see Supplementary Table 4), the most frequent haplogroups are N2 (33.4%), Q (23.7%) and N3 (22.3%). N2 and Q are at high frequency mainly within populations of Northwest Siberia (up to 92.1 and 93.8%, respectively), but N3 is frequent across the whole northern Eurasia (Figure 1b). Within haplogroup N3 all Khanty and Figure 2 Autocorrelation indices for DNA analysis (AIDA) of mtDNA and Y chromosome haplogroup data. All autocorrelation values were statistically significant (Po0.05). x axis, lower limit of geographical distance class defined with 700 km interval and y axis, autocorrelation index. Genetic admixture in Northwest Siberia VN Pimenoff et al 1258 European Journal of Human GeneticsMansi STR haplotypes (Supplementary Table 2) cluster into the Northeast European clade as opposed to Central Siberian Yakut (Figure 5b). In contrast, within haplogroup N2, the Khanty and Mansi STR haplotypes (Supplementary Table 2) are divided between two previously defined 11 West and East Eurasian clades (Figure 5c). Figure 3 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) based on (a) FST distances from HVS-I sequences (stress ¼ 0.115) and (b) RST distances from nine Y chromosome STR loci (stress ¼ 0.076) between 42 and 12 Eurasian population samples, respectively. Population abbreviations and reference can be found in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4. Genetic admixture in Northwest Siberia VN Pimenoff et al 1259 European Journal of Human GeneticsFigure 4 Correspondence analysis based on (a) mtDNA and (b) Y chromosome haplogroups. Haplogroups are depicted and populations for mtDNA and Y chromosome are marked with numbers corresponding population samples and reference in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Genetic admixture in Northwest Siberia VN Pimenoff et al 1260 European Journal of Human GeneticsDiscussion The Khanty and Mansi possess a combination of east- and west-associated uniparental lineages, including features distinct from those observed among other Northwest Siberian populations. The distribution of the West and East Eurasian lineages shows clear east–west clines across the North Eurasia, which is in line with the current understanding of the Eurasian genetic landscape. 8,9,11,21,22,41 In this context, the Northwest Siberia appears as a ‘contact zone’ between the East and West Eurasian gene pools. Among the Northwest Siberians, the diversity within several uniparental sublineages (such as U7, J1b, J1c, J2, G2 and C5 for mtDNA; and N3 and R1a1 for Y chromosome) appears limited. However, c. 20–25% of the mtDNA haplotypes belonging to western (U4, U5a) and eastern (C*, D*) haplogroups show moderate haplotype diversities among the Khanty, Mansi, Ket and Nganasan. This suggests that the Northwest Siberia was initially colonized by humans carrying both West and East Eurasian Upper Paleolithic lineages. This is congruent with the concept of a genetic continuum of the early Upper Paleolithic populations expanding from Near East/Southeast Europe to Northwest Siberia. 40,44 Indeed, similar r-estimates were obtained for mtDNA U4 haplotypes in Northeast European (15.2–29.6 Kyr), Khanty and Mansi (11.9–29.7 Kyr) and all Northwest Siberian populations (12.8–29.6 Kyr), which also agree with the estimates presented for European U4 haplotypes (16–24 Kyr) 18 In parallel, similar late Upper Paleolithic coalescent time estimates were observed for C* mtDNAs in Kanty and Mansi (14.5–31.7 Kyr BP) and all Northwest Siberian populations (14.4–32.0 Kyr BP). However, the mtDNA U7 and Y chromosome N2 haplogroups among the Khanty and Mansi are probably of more recent origin. The U7 haplogroup is nearly absent across Northern Eurasia and mainly found in Near East (10–12% in Iran and India). 9 All the U7 sequences found in Khanty and Mansi are identical, and the same sequence is found in Uighur of Central Asia. This suggests a recent founder effect of U7 haplogroup in Khanty and Mansi with a probable Central Asian origin. Similarly, the Southeast Asian-derived Y chromosome N2 lineage, 11 allegedly specific for Uralic speakers, is also found among the IndoEuropean and Altaic speakers, but it is clearly more frequent in the Northwest Siberia (6.9–92.1%). 7 Recently, two subclusters within the N2 lineage were described: the East (N2-A) and the West Eurasian (N2-E) clusters. 11 Both East (N2-A) and West Eurasian (N2-E)-associated N2 subclusters are found among the Khanty and Mansi (Supplementary Table 2), whereas the Northeast European or South Siberian populations possess only either one of the subclusters (Figure 5c). The coalescent ages of these subclusters are considered relatively young (N2-E, 3.9–9.7; N2-A, 4.2–8.2 Kyr BP), 11 although the diversity observed here within the N2-E subcluster (0.933±0.054) is significantly higher than in N2-A (0.500±0.121). This unique combination of N2 subclusters in the Khanty and Mansi suggests a recent amalgamation of western and eastern lineages in Northwest Siberia. The haplogroup and haplotype compositions of the Khanty and Mansi samples differ significantly from those previously analyzed. 7,40 This, however, probably stems from limited sampling of different geographical subgroups as is probably in the case with the two Khanty population samples used in this study (T Karafet, personal communication) In addition, the histories of male and female populations appear to differ: Khanty and Mansi mtDNA exhibit between 58.7 and 68.9% of West Eurasian gene pool, whereas the other Northwest Siberians present 20.4–47.4% of western lineages. By contrast, the Khanty Table 2 Variance apportionment (%) of the AMOVA results Grouping Between groups Within groups Within populations mtDNA (hgs) All populations together 14.44* 85.56 Geography 9.10* 6.88* 84.01 Linguistic affiliation 9.01* 6.88* 84.11 mtDNA (hts) All populations together 12.60* 87.40 Geography 8.75* 5.38* 85.88 Linguistic affiliation 8.71* 5.32* 85.97 Y chr (hgs) All populations together 32.85* 67.15 Geography 10.61* 23.17* 66.22 Linguistic affiliation 7.35* 25.97* 66.68 Y chr (hts) All populations together 17.49* 82.51 Geography 14.61* 6.81* 78.58 Linguistic affiliation 13.80* 5.90* 80.30 chr, chromosome; Hgs, haplogroups; hts, haplotypes. *Po0.05. Genetic admixture in Northwest Siberia VN Pimenoff et al 1261 European Journal of Human Geneticsand Mansi Y chromosome shows between 76.6 and 89.3% of East Eurasian gene pool, similar values as estimated for the other Northwest Siberian populations. The amalgamation of east- and west-associated uniparental lineages is also observed in Central Asia, 50 Southwest Asia 42 and South Siberia. 14 However, the admixture among the Khanty and Mansi differs slightly from the surrounding populations. This is also supported by multilocus autosomal data, which clearly places the Khanty as an intermediate population between Northeast Europe and Central Siberia/East Asia. 55 The initial admixture of uniparental lineages among the Khanty, Mansi and other Northwest Siberians could be explained by northward migration of human groups already carrying both West and East Eurasian Upper Paleolithic lineages originating from Central Asia and South Siberia. Later, when the Ob-ugric Khanty and Mansi migrated from the western side of Ural Mountains to Northwest Siberia, the unique amalgamation of N2-E and N2-A was formed. Similarly the mtDNA U7 and Y chromosome N3 haplotypes in Northwest Siberia suggest gene flow from Central Asia and Northeast Europe, respectively. However, Northwest Siberians are a heterogeneous group of populations showing lower haplotype diversity among and within uniparental haplogroups when compared to the more southern populations. This emphasize the complex background of Northwest Siberian genetic diversity, shaped by recurrent founder effects, admixture and drift in these indigenous populations. Acknowledgements We thank all the Khanty and Mansi donors for providing the blood samples. We thank Elena Bosch for the Y chromosome SNP-typing protocol, Kirsti Ho¨o¨k, Mo`nica Valle´s, Ste´phanie Plaza and Roger Anglada for technical support; T Karafet, L Rower, B Pakendorf and M Stoneking for the Eurasian Y chromosome reference data; Chiara Batini and Oscar Lao for help in the statistical analysis. Francesc Calafell and two anonymous referees are thanked for helpful comments on the paper. This research was financially supported by The Finnish Cultural Foundation, Federation of European Biochemical Societies and the Finnish Graduate School in Population Genetics (VNP), European contract grant (QLG2-CT-2001-00916), Direccio´ General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya (2005SGR/00608, DC) and Academy of Finland (109265 and 111713, JUP; 80578, AS).

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3 Dolukhanov PM, Shukurov AM, Tarasov PE, Zaitseva GI: Colonization of Northern Eurasia by modern humans: radiocarbon chronology and environment. J Archaeol Sci 2002; 29: 593–606.

4 Kuzmin YV, Keates SG: Comment on ‘colonization of Northern Eurasia by modern humans: radiocarbon chronology and environment’ by PM Dolukhanov, AM Shukurov, PE Tarasov and GI Zaitseva. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 593–606 (2002). J Archaeol Sci 2004; 31: 141–143.

5 Kolga M, To˜nurist I, Vaba L, Viikberg J: The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book, 2001. Figure 5 Median-joining networks for Eurasian (a) mtDNA U4 sequences (colors for the U4 network are the following: gray (original Khanty and Mansi data with additional reference populations 40,44,45 ); white (Northeast European populations 16,25,46 – 48 ) and black (South Siberian populations 12,15,49 grouped with Central Asian populations 50,51 and Central Siberia Yakuts 52 )) and Y chromosome (b) N3 (the N3 network corresponds the following colors: gray (original Khanty and Mansi data); white (Northeast European populations 28,53 ) and black (Central Siberian Yakuts 54 )) and (c) N2 Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes (nine loci) (the N2 network corresponds the following colors: gray (original Khanty and Mansi data); white (Northeast European populations 11,28 ) and black (South Siberian populations 11 grouped with Northeast Siberian Eskimos 11 )).

6 Karafet T, Xu L, Du R et al: Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69: 615–628.

7 Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Gubina MA, Posukh OL, Zegura SL, Hammer MF: High levels of Y chromosome differentiation among native Siberian populations and the genetic signature of a boreal hunter-gatherer way of life. Hum Biol 2002; 74: 761–789.

8 Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R et al: The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 10244–10249.

9 Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E et al: Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genet 2004; 5: 26.

10 Su B, Xiao J, Underhill P et al: Y chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 1718–1724.

11 Rootsi S, Zhivotovsky LA, Baldovic M et al: A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 204–211.

12 Derenko MV, Grzybowski T, Malyarchuk BA et al: Diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages in South Siberia. Ann Hum Genet 2003; 67: 391–411.

13 Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova GA et al: Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions. Hum Genet 2006; 118: 591–604.

14 Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T et al: Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA in northern Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 1025–1041.

15 Starikovskaya EB, Sukernik RI, Derbeneva OA et al: Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 67–89.

16 Hedman M, Brandsta¨tter A, Pimenoff V et al: Finnish mitochondrial DNA HVS-I and HVS-II population data. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 172: 171–178.

17 Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, Howell N: Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 1999; 23: 147.

18 Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E et al: Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 1251–1276.

19 Yao YG, Kong QP, Bandelt HJ, Kivisild T, Zhang YP: Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 635–651.

20 Palanichamy MG, Sun C, Agrawal S et al: Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: implications for the peopling of South Asia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75: 966–978.

21 Tanaka M, Cabrera VM, Gonzalez AM et al: Mitochondrial genome variation in eastern Asia and the peopling of Japan. Genome Res 2004; 14: 1832–1850.

22 Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ: Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree. Trends Genet 2006; 22: 339–345.

23 Bosch E, Calafell F, Gonzalez-Neira A et al: Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70: 459–487.

24 Y Chromosome Consortium: A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups. Genome Res 2002; 12: 339–348.

25 Sajantila A, Lahermo P, Anttinen T et al: Genes and languages in Europe: an analysis of mitochondrial lineages. Genome Res 1995; 5: 42–52.

26 Bandelt HJ, Lahermo P, Richards M, Macaulay V: Detecting errors in mtDNA data by phylogenetic analysis. Int J Legal Med 2001; 115: 64–69.

27 Passarino G, Cavalleri GL, Lin AA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, BorresenDale AL, Underhill PA: Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10: 521–529.

28 Lappalainen T, Koivuma¨ki S, Salmela E et al: Regional differences among the Finns: a Y-chromosomal perspective. Gene 2006; 376: 207–215.

29 Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T et al: The western and eastern roots of the Saami – the story of genetic ‘outliers’ told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 661–682.

30 Greenberg JH: Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.

31 Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S: Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 2005; 1: 47–50.

32 Hurles ME, Nicholson J, Bosch E, Renfrew C, Sykes BC, Jobling MA: Y chromosomal evidence for the origins of oceanic-speaking peoples. Genetics 2002; 160: 289–303.

33 Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM: Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 1992; 131: 479–491.

34 Dupanloup I, Schneider S, Excoffier L: A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations. Mol Ecol 2002; 11: 2571–2581.

35 Bertorelle G, Barbujani G: Analysis of DNA diversity by spatial autocorrelation. Genetics 1995; 140: 811–819. 36 Bandelt HJ, Forster P, Rohl A: Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 1999; 16: 37–48.

37 Bandelt HJ, Quintana-Murci L, Salas A, Macaulay V: The fingerprint of phantom mutations in mitochondrial DNA data. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 1150–1160.

38 Forster P, Harding R, Torroni A, Bandelt HJ: Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: a reappraisal. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 59: 935–945.

39 Saillard J, Forster P, Lynnerup N, Bandelt HJ, Norby S: mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: the edge of the Beringian expansion. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 718–726.

40 Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaya EB, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI: Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 1009–1014.

41 Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al: Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Nat Genet 2000; 26: 358–361.

42 Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS et al: Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 827–845.

43 Shi H, Dong YL, Wen B et al: Y chromosome evidence of southern origin of the East Asian-specific haplogroup O3-M122. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77: 408–419.

44 Derbeneva OA, Starikovskaia EB, Volod’ko NV, Wallace DC, Sukernik RI: Mitochondrial DNA variation in Kets and Nganasans and the early peoples of Northern Eurasia. Genetika 2002; 38: 1554–1560.

45 Goltsova TV, Osipova LP, Zhadanov SI, Villems R: The effect of marriage migration on the genetic structure of the Taimyr Nganasan population: genealogical analysis inferred from MtDNA markers. Genetika 2005; 41: 954–965.

46 Meinila¨ M, Finnila¨ S, Majamaa K: Evidence for mtDNA admixture between the Finns and the Saami. Hum Hered 2001; 52: 160–170.

47 Orekhov V, Poltoraus A, Zhivotovsky LA, Spitsyn V, Ivanov P, Yankovsky N: Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in Russians. FEBS Lett 1999; 445: 197–201.

48 Kornienko IV, Vodolazhskii DI, Afanas’eva GV, Ivanov PL: Polymorphism of the central region of D-loop of mitochondrial DNA and personality identification by forensic medicine methods. Sud Med Ekspert 2004; 47: 27–32.

49 Yao YG, Kong QP, Wang CY, Zhu CL, Zhang YP: Different matrilineal contributions to genetic structure of ethnic groups in the silk road region in china. Mol Biol Evol 2004; 21: 2265–2280.

50 Comas D, Plaza S, Wells RS et al: Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 495–504.

51 Comas D, Calafell F, Mateu E et al: Trading genes along the silk road: mtDNA sequences and the origin of central Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63: 1824–1838.

52 Pakendorf B, Wiebe V, Tarskaia LA et al: Mitochondrial DNA evidence for admixed origins of central Siberian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2003; 120: 211–224.

53 Kasperaviciute D, Kucinskas V, Stoneking M: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 438–452.

54 Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod’jakonov AP, Stoneking M: Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Hum Genet 2006; 120: 334–353.

55 Kidd KK, Pakstis AJ, Speed WC, Kidd JR: Understanding human DNA sequence variation. J Hered 2004; 95: 406–420.

Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website (http://www.nature.com/ejhg)

Thursday, October 23, 2008

This one takes place in a library and is about a guy who falls "head over heels" for the would-be-hot-if-she-weren't-wearing-enormous-glasses librarian. But like any good 1980s music video, it doesn't make any sense—a monkey, a man in a gas mask, and a rabbi all make absurdist cameos.


Jerry as Tom


Tom is a jerk

Sunday, October 19, 2008

Nirvana

Come as you are
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Smells like teen spirit

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On a plain

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Breed

Memoriahhh - like 1991 again...mintha 1991 lenne ujra

Saturday, October 11, 2008

Exclusive: Inside Account of U.S. Eavesdropping on Americans

Update: This is from 2008!!!





Despite pledges by President George W. Bush and American intelligence officials to the contrary, hundreds of US citizens overseas have been eavesdropped on as they called friends and family back home, according to two former military intercept operators who worked at the giant National Security Agency (NSA) center in Fort Gordon, Georgia.
The chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Jay Rockefeller (D-WV), called the allegations "extremely disturbing" and said the committee has begun its own examination.
"We have requested all relevant information from the Bush Administration," Rockefeller said Thursday. "The Committee will take whatever action is necessary."
"These were just really everyday, average, ordinary Americans who happened to be in the Middle East, in our area of intercept and happened to be making these phone calls on satellite phones," said Adrienne Kinne, a 31-year old US Army Reserves Arab linguist assigned to a special military program at the NSA's Back Hall at Fort Gordon from November 2001 to 2003.
Kinne described the contents of the calls as "personal, private things with Americans who are not in any way, shape or form associated with anything to do with terrorism."
 NSA Listening and Surveillance Post
ABC News Photo Illustration
Hundreds of US citizens overseas, including... View Full Caption

She said US military officers, American journalists and American aid workers were routinely intercepted and "collected on" as they called their offices or homes in the United States.
Watch "World News Tonight with Charles Gibson" and "Nightline" for more of Brian Ross' exclusive report.
Another intercept operator, former Navy Arab linguist, David Murfee Faulk, 39, said he and his fellow intercept operators listened into hundreds of Americans picked up using phones in Baghdad's Green Zone from late 2003 to November 2007.
"Calling home to the United States, talking to their spouses, sometimes their girlfriends, sometimes one phone call following another," said Faulk.

The accounts of the two former intercept operators, who have never met and did not know of the other's allegations, provide the first inside look at the day to day operations of the huge and controversial US terrorist surveillance program.
"There is a constant check to make sure that our civil liberties of our citizens are treated with respect," said President Bush at a news conference this past February.
But the accounts of the two whistleblowers, which could not be independently corroborated, raise serious questions about how much respect is accorded those Americans whose conversations are intercepted in the name of fighting terrorism.

US Soldier's 'Phone Sex' Intercepted, Shared

Faulk says he and others in his section of the NSA facility at Fort Gordon routinely shared salacious or tantalizing phone calls that had been intercepted, alerting office mates to certain time codes of "cuts" that were available on each operator's computer.
"Hey, check this out," Faulk says he would be told, "there's good phone sex or there's some pillow talk, pull up this call, it's really funny, go check it out. It would be some colonel making pillow talk and we would say, 'Wow, this was crazy'," Faulk told ABC News.
Faulk said he joined in to listen, and talk about it during breaks in Back Hall's "smoke pit," but ended up feeling badly about his actions.
"I feel that it was something that the people should not have done. Including me," he said.

In testimony before Congress, then-NSA director Gen. Michael Hayden, now director of the CIA, said private conversations of Americans are not intercepted.
"It's not for the heck of it. We are narrowly focused and drilled on protecting the nation against al Qaeda and those organizations who are affiliated with it," Gen. Hayden testified.
He was asked by Senator Orrin Hatch (R-UT), "Are you just doing this because you just want to pry into people's lives?"
"No, sir," General Hayden replied.
Asked for comment about the ABC News report and accounts of intimate and private phone calls of military officers being passed around, a US intelligence official said "all employees of the US government" should expect that their telephone conversations could be monitored as part of an effort to safeguard security and "information assurance."
"They certainly didn't consent to having interceptions of their telephone sex conversations being passed around like some type of fraternity game," said Jonathon Turley, a constitutional law professor at George Washington University who has testified before Congress on the country's warrantless surveillance program.
"This story is to surveillance law what Abu Ghraib was to prison law," Turley said.

Listening to Aid Workers

NSA awarded Adrienne Kinne a NSA Joint Service Achievement Medal in 2003 at the same time she says she was listening to hundreds of private conversations between Americans, including many from the International Red Cross and Doctors without Borders.
"We knew they were working for these aid organizations," Kinne told ABC News. "They were identified in our systems as 'belongs to the International Red Cross' and all these other organizations. And yet, instead of blocking these phone numbers we continued to collect on them," she told ABC News.

A spokesman for Doctors Without Borders, Michael Goldfarb, said: "The abuse of humanitarian action through intelligence gathering for military or political objectives, threatens the ability to assist populations and undermines the safety of humanitarian aid workers."
Both Kinne and Faulk said their military commanders rebuffed questions about listening in to the private conversations of Americans talking to Americans.
"It was just always, that , you know, your job is not to question. Your job is to collect and pass on the information," Kinne said.
Some times, Kinne and Faulk said, the intercepts helped identify possible terror planning in Iraq and saved American lives.
"IED's were disarmed before they exploded, that people who were intending to harm US forces were captured ahead of time," Faulk said.
NSA job evaluation forms show he regularly received high marks for job performance. Faulk left his job as a newspaper reporter in Pittsburgh to join the Navy after 9/11.
Kinne says the success stories underscored for her the waste of time spent listening to innocent Americans, instead of looking for the terrorist needle in the haystack.
"By casting the net so wide and continuing to collect on Americans and aid organizations, it's almost like they're making the haystack bigger and it's harder to find that piece of information that might actually be useful to somebody," she said. "You're actually hurting our ability to effectively protect our national security."

The NSA: "The Shadow Factory"

Both former intercept operators came forward at first to speak with investigative journalist Jim Bamford for a book on the NSA, "The Shadow Factory," to be published next week.
"It's extremely rare," said Bamford, who has written two previous books on the NSA, including the landmark "Puzzle Palace" which first revealed the existence of the super secret spy agency.
"Both of them felt that what they were doing was illegal and improper, and immoral, and it shouldn't be done, and that's what forces whistleblowers."

A spokesman for General Hayden, Mark Mansfield, said: "At NSA, the law was followed assiduously. The notion that General Hayden sanctioned or tolerated illegalities of any sort is ridiculous on its face."
The director of the NSA, Lt. General Keith B. Alexander, declined to directly answer any of the allegations made by the whistleblowers.
In a written statement, Gen. Alexander said: "We have been entrusted to protect and defend the nation with integrity, accountability, and respect for the law. As Americans, we take this obligation seriously. Our employees work tirelessly for the good of the nation, and serve this country proudly."

Tuesday, September 23, 2008

USSA

Hear ye, hear ye! President Bush, by the power invested in him by the giant corporations, has now created the United Socialist States of America.
Mindenkinek! Bush Elnok, az Orias vallalatoktol kapott hatalmatol, megteremtette az Egyesult Szocialista Allamokat!

Thursday, September 18, 2008

Family Guy

Stewie beats Brian

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Where's my money? Don't make a fool out of me, man!

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Prom night dumpster baby

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Ipecac puking

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Breast feeding Stewie

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Asian Trix

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Bugs Bunny

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Dick Cheney as Wal-mart greeter

Monday, September 15, 2008

Friday, September 12, 2008

Ike

Hurricane Ike...like Texas. Ike Hurrikan...mint Texas
The Hurricane in Ohio. A Hurricane Ohio-ba is eljutott.

















Az utca Ike utan. The street after Ike.

Saturday, August 16, 2008

Beijing Market









Ezen a piacon voltunk. Az eneklo embert a vegen is lattuk! We were at this market. Saw the singing man at the end, too!

Friday, August 1, 2008

The CIA


Answers a lot of questions.
Sok mindenre ad valaszt.

Tuesday, July 29, 2008

Traffic/Forgalom


Peking, Julius 8. Kisse fustos.
Beijing, July 8. Just a little smog.

Wednesday, July 23, 2008

Friday, July 11, 2008

Badaling Great Wall

The Badaling great wall, near Beijing. A Badaling Nagy Fal, Peking kornyeken. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaling, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_wall_of_china, http://bdrob.com/7-wonders-of-the-world/video/CaMuMLRFyA4

A tarsasag a nagy falnal. The Group at the great wall.

Tuesday, July 1, 2008

Big Mac Elnok


If McCain becomes Prez, look out!
Ha McCain lesz az elnok, jaj neked!

Friday, June 27, 2008